Documented imperial history The empire founded by Chinggis Khan did not simply disappear after his death in 1227. His descendants continued to rule vast territories, while succession disputes and regional power struggles increasingly divided the imperial system. Historians commonly describe four major successor realms; their boundaries and periods of effective independence changed over time.
Founded from the western territories associated with Jochi and expanded under Batu in the 1230s–1240s. Its main sphere included the Qipchaq steppe north of the Black and Caspian seas and the Russian principalities. The khanate remained influential into the fifteenth century; the traditional end date for the main Golden Horde is around 1502.
Based in Central Asia, it emerged from the ulus of Chagatai, a son of Chinggis Khan. Its political history was complex, with eastern and western power centres and shifting alliances. Chagatai-era Central Asian political culture later formed part of the environment from which the Timurids emerged.
Established by Hülegü in the Iranian and wider Middle Eastern lands in the mid-thirteenth century. Its rulers governed Iran and neighbouring regions; the dynasty ended as a unified ruling house in the fourteenth century. Ghazan Khan’s conversion to Islam in 1295 was a major turning point in Ilkhanid history.
Khubilai (Kublai) Khan proclaimed the Yuan dynasty in China in 1271. Mongol rule in China ended when the Ming displaced the Yuan from the imperial capital in 1368, although Mongol rulers continued in the northern steppe.
Afghanistan and the adjoining regions were not peripheral to the conquests. The westward campaigns against the Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221) swept through Transoxiana and Khurasan, including cities and territories in what is now Afghanistan. Balkh and other urban centres in the region experienced Mongol conquest and severe destruction. This is documented imperial history; it does not establish a migration route or genealogical link for the Kassar tribe or the Huzafig family.
The Kassar accounts recorded by colonial-era writers sometimes use broad labels such as “Mughal” and describe an origin story involving Ghazni and Babur. Those accounts are evidence of a tradition being reported, not proof that Kassar families descend from a Mongol khan, Timur, Babur or any particular imperial house. No such connection is added to the Huzafig family tree here.
Further reading: Peter Jackson, “Mongols,” Encyclopaedia Iranica; The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire; OpenStax, “The Mongol Empire Fragments”; Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Golden Horde”.
These are broad geographic aids, not precise boundary surveys for every year. The political frontiers and degree of central control changed over time.